ABSTRACT
Background: Renal replacement therapies, especially hemodialysis (HD) in end-stage kidney disease, avoid an inevitable death caused by the disease. However, in elderly patients with multiple comorbidities, this therapy could derive in a comparable survival than conservative management. Considering that HD represents a high cost for the health system, it is worth analyzing the effects of HD on survival. Aim: To analyze the survival and mortality of all national health security system's patients (FONASA) admitted to HD in Chile from 2013 to 2019. Material and Methods: We requested to the Ministry of Health information about all patients affiliated to the public health insurance system that started dialysis between 2013 and 2019. We evaluated the influence of age when starting HD, sex, presence of hypertension, presence of diabetes mellitus (DM), the region of residence, and year of admission on mortality. Results: A total of 24,113 patients aged 61 ± 15 years (45% women) were analyzed. Forty five percent of patients were aged > 65 years. After 5 years of follow-up, the median survival in this age group was 36.1 months. Among patients who started HD at age > 85 years, the median survival was 14.8 months. Diabetic patients had a median survival of 52.3 months. Advanced age and DM were associated with higher annual mortality. Also, the region of residence and year of admission were associated with higher mortality at 3 and 12 months. Conclusions: The median survival of patients on HD is dependent on age and the presence of comorbidities, among other factors. We performed an analysis to determine if starting HD in older patients with comorbidities has a real benefit over conservative management in terms of survival.
Subject(s)
Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Diabetes Mellitus , Kidney Failure, Chronic , Survival Analysis , Chile/epidemiology , Renal Dialysis , Diabetes Mellitus/epidemiology , Kidney Failure, Chronic/therapyABSTRACT
El nitrito de amilo, conocida como "poppers", se ha masificado como droga recreacional en parte por sus efectos con objetivos sexuales. Su consumo se asocia a complicaciones psiquiátricas y médicas. Reportamos el caso de un paciente que se presenta con metahemog-lobinemia moderada secundaria a la inhalación de nitrito de amilo asociado a alcohol. Al ingreso presenta cianosis peribucal y en extremidades, disociación entre oximetría de pulso y presión parcial de oxígeno en gases arteriales, además de metahemoglobinemia 29,9%. Se descartan otras intoxicaciones y causas primarias de metahemoglobinemia. Se maneja con oxigenoterapia, hidratación y ácido ascórbico, presentando una evolución favorable. Presentamos el primer caso en Chile de metahemoglobinemia secundaria al consumo de nitrito de amilo con fines recreativos.
Amyl nitrite, known as "poppers", has become popular as a recreational drug for sexual purposes. Its consumption is associated with psychiatric and medical complications. We report the case of a patient presenting with moderate methemoglobinemia secondary to amyl nitrite inhalation associated with alcohol. At admission, perioral and extremities cyanosis, a dissociation between pulse oximetry and partial pressure of oxygen in arterial gases, and methemoglobinemia 29.9% were present. Other intoxications and primary causes of methemoglobinemia were ruled out. The patient receives oxygen therapy, hydration, and ascorbic acid, presenting a favorable evolution. We report the first Chilean's case of methemoglobinemia secondary to amyl nitrite consumption for recreational purposes
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adult , Amyl Nitrite , Recreational Drug Use , Methemoglobinemia , Partial Pressure , Patients , Oximetry , HIV , Cyanosis , Clinical StudyABSTRACT
La infección del virus de inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) se adquiere principalmente a través del contagio sexual y los pacientes infectados siguen aumentando en el mundo. El tratamiento antirretroviral (TARV) moderno es capaz de suprimir la replicación viral y mejorar el recuento de linfocitos T CD4+, aumentando la supervivencia de los pacientes. De esta manera, aumenta el riesgo de presentar enfermedades crónicas siendo las cardiovasculares las más frecuentes. Objetivo: Comunicar nuestra experiencia en pacientes con infección por VIH sometidos a cirugía cardiovascular. Pacientes y Método: Estudio retrospectivo en que se revisó la base de datos del Servicio de Cirugía Cardiovascular entre los años 2009 y 2015. Identificamos a los pacientes con infección por VIH sometidos a cirugía cardiovascular. Resultados: Catorce pacientes presentaban esa condición. La mayoría estaba en control y con TARV (11 casos) logrando que la carga viral fuera indetecta-ble. La principal vía de infección fue la sexual (13/14 casos). Durante la cirugía se tomaron las precauciones universales de protección para el equipo quirúrgico, las que fueron efectivas en todos los casos. La enfermedad más frecuentemente tratada fue la cardiopatía coronaria (9 casos), seguido de valvulopatías severas (4 casos) en que solo uno presentaba Endocarditis Infecciosa. No hubo mortalidad asociada al procedimiento ni en el seguimiento a tres años de la cirugía. Conclusión: Los pacientes con infección por VIH están expuestos a desarrollar enfermedades cardiovasculares que requieren de tratamiento quirúrgico. Estos pueden ser realizados en forma segura con gran beneficio en su calidad de vida y de su supervivencia.
Infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV+) is primarily acquired through sexual transmission and the number of infected people continues to increase. Anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) suppress viral replication and improves CD4 T cell count, increasing survival and the risk of developing chronic diseases. Cardiovascular disease is prevalent among these patients. Objective: To report our experience in patients positive for HIV undergoing cardiovascular surgery. Patients and Methods: We reviewed the Cardiovascular Surgery Service database from 2009 to 2015 to identify HIV-infected patients that underwent cardiovascular surgery. Results: There were 14 HIV positive patients. Most of them were receiving HAART and the viral load was undetectable in 11 patients Thee main route of infection was sexual (13/14 cases). Universal precautions to protect the surgical team were taken during surgery. These were effective in all cases. Coronary artery disease was the most common condition treated (9 cases), followed by severe valve disease (4). Only one patients had infective endocarditis. There was no mortality associated with the procedure. Al patients were alive and asymptomatic 3 years after surgery. Conclusion: Patients with HIV infection are likely to develop cardiovascular diseases requiring surgical treatment. These can be performed safely with great benefit in quality of life and survival.